Scan-Rate Dependence of Hysteresis in Planar Perovskite Solar Cells: A Reproducibility Study

Abstract

    Current–voltage (J–V) hysteresis in perovskite solar cells is routinely reported, yet the scan conditions that produce it are rarely stated. Here we measure 60 planar CH3NH3PbI3 devices at six scan rates between 10 and 500 mV s−1, with and without a 60 s preconditioning step at open circuit. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) obtained from the reverse scan fell from 18.9 % to 16.5 % as the scan rate increased, while the forward scan peaked near 50 mV s−1. A hysteresis index below 0.05 was reached only for slow, preconditioned scans. A stabilised power point at the maximum power voltage (Vmpp) agreed with the slow reverse scan within ±0.4 % absolute. We report all devices, including the 9 that failed, and give the complete measurement protocol so that others can repeat it. The study does not claim a record efficiency; its value is the documented, repeatable procedure.